UNIVERSITY   OF    CALIFORNIA 

COLLEGE   OF   AGRICULTURE 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 

BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 


YIELD,  STAND,  AND  VOLUME  TABLES  FOR 

WHITE  FIR  IN  THE  CALIFORNIA 

PINE  REGION 


FRANCIS  X.  SCHUMACHER 


BULLETIN  407 

October,  1926 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PRINTING  OFFICE 

BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 

1926 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2012  with  funding  from 

University  of  California,  Davis  Libraries 


http://www.archive.org/details/yieldstandvolume407schu 


YIELD,  STAND  AND  VOLUME  TABLES  FOR  WHITE 
FIR  IN  THE  CALIFORNIA  PINE  REGION1 


FRANCIS  X.  SCHUMACHERS 


INTRODUCTION 

Facts  concerning  rate  of  growth  and  yields  of  the  timber  types 
to  be  found  on  a  forest  property  (and  such  facts  are  among  those  of 
first  importance  for  proper  management  of  a  forest)  are  best  shown 
by  what  are  known  as  yield  tables.  These  tables  express  yields  in 
volume,  number  of  trees  or  logs,  and  size  of  tree,  to  be  expected  from 
stands  over  given  periods  of  time. 

The  several  types  of  the  main  timber  belt  of  the  California  pine 
region  are  made  up  of  one  or  more  of  five  important  species,  viz. : 
western  yellow  pine  (Pimis  ponderosa  Laws.),  sugar  pine  (Pinus 
lambertiana  Dougl.),  Douglas  fir  (Pseudotsuga  taxi  folia  Britt.), 
white  fir  (Abies  concolor  Lindl.),  and  incense  cedar  (Libocedrus 
decurrens  Torr.).  Near  the  upper  altitudinal  limits  of  the  main  tim- 
ber belt,  red  fir  (Abies  magnifica  Murr.)  is  also  found.  Western 
yellow  pine,  Douglas  fir,  and  white  fir  occur  in  pure  stands  as  well 
as  in  mixtures,  while  sugar  pine  and  incense  cedar  are  found  in 
mixtures  only. 

A  study  of  the  growth  of  the  mixed  types  may  be  more  readily 
undertaken  when  the  yields  of  those  species  which  also  occur  pure 
are  known.  The  United  States  Forest  Service  is  at  present  conduct- 
ing such  studies  in  pure,  even-aged  stands  of  western  yellow  pine 
and  Douglas  fir.  This  bulletin  presents  the  results  of  a  similar  study 
of  the  growth  and  yield  of  white  fir. 

BASIC   DATA 

The  data  upon  which  the  tables  are  based  are  measurements  of 
157  normally  stocked,  even-aged  sample  plots  of  white  fir,  covering 
a  range  of  age  classes  of  from  40  to  150  years,  and  conditions  of  pro- 
ductivity as  varied  as  could  be  found. 

i  The  writer  is  indebted  to  Mr.  P.  D.  Hanson,  Associate  in  Forestry,  who 
helped  in  gathering  a  large  part  of  the  data  and  performed  most  of  the  com- 
putational work;  to  Mr.  H.  M.  Siggins,  Baker  Research  Assistant  in  Forestry, 
and  to  Professors  W.  Metcalf  and  E.  Fritz,  who  assisted  in  gathering  data;  to 
Mr.  D.  Dunning  of  the  U.  S.  Forest  Service,  who  contributed  available  data  from 
51  white  fir  sample  plots  for  the  yield  study  and  600  white  fir  tree  measurements 
as  the  basis  for  the  volume  tables. 

2  Assistant  Professor  of  Forestry. 


4  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

1.  Plot  Selection: 

In  virgin  timber  of  the  California  pine  region,  even-aged  stands 
occur  when  areas,  denuded  hj  accident  (such  as  fire,  insect  depreda- 
tions or  disease  epidemics),  are  seeded  from  neighboring  timber  which 
has  a  good  seed  crop.  Such  areas  are  not  common  and  the  irregu- 
larity of  their  accidental  stocking  is  a  factor  that  limits  sample  plot 
size. 

An  even-aged  stand  is  here  considered  to  be  normally  stocked 
when  the  tree  growth  seems  to  make  full  use  of  climatic  and  soil 
factors,  so  as  to  produce  ideal  volume  for  site  and  age,  both  in  size 
of  individual  tree  and  total  volume.  An  overstocked  stand  may  pro- 
duce greater  volume  to  the  acre  than  a  normally  stocked  one,  but 
dominant  individual  trees  may  become  stunted  from  the  crowding. 
Conversely,  an  understocked  stand  may  produce  larger  individual 
trees  at  the  expense  of  total  volume. 

In  stands  which  seemed  to  contain  normally  stocked  areas,  plot 
boundaries  were  located  so  as  to  exclude  the  larger  blanks  caused 
by  failure  of  reproduction  or  accident,  thus  enclosing  a  comparatively 
complete  crown  canopy.  No  attempt  was  made  to  lay  out  rectangular 
boundaries,  although  acute  angles  were  avoided.  Plots  were  sur- 
veyed with  staff  compass  and  chain. 

2.  Age  Determination: 

Age  of  each  plot  was  obtained  with  Swedish  increment  borers  by 
boring  to  the  pith,  near  the  base  of  several  dominant  trees  and  count- 
ing the  annual  rings  on  the  extracted  core,  to  which  was  added  the 
necessary  correction  for  height  growth  to  the  point  of  boring.  The 
age  of  the  oldest  tree  was  taken  as  the  age  of  the  plot,  provided  it 
did  not  vary  by  a  significant  difference  (arbitrarily  set  at  six  years) 
from  the  ages  of  the  others.  When  variation  exceeded  six  years,  plots 
were  not  considered  even-aged  and  were  usually  not  taken. 

3.  Field  Measurements: 

Diameters  breast-high  of  all  trees  4  inches  and  over  were  measured 
with  diameter  tape  and  tallied  by  species  and  crown  class,  and  suf- 
ficient heights  (of  15-25  trees)  for  a  height-diameter  curve  for  each 
important  species  were  obtained  with  a  Forest  Service  hypsometer. 

A  short  description  of  physiographic  features  completed  the  field 
work  on  each  plot. 


BUL.  407]  WHITE   FIR   IN    THE    CALIFORNIA   PINE   REGION  5 

4.  Office  Computations: 

Number  of  trees,  basal  area,  cubic  volume  and  board-foot  volume 
were  computed  by  species,  diameter,  and  crown  class,  and  totaled  for 
each  plot.  These  figures  were  then  calculated  on  the  acre  basis. 
Average  height  (i.e.,  height  of  tree  of  average  basal  area)  was  read 
from  the  height-diameter  curve  of  each  species  on  each  plot  (1)  for 
all  trees,  (2)  for  trees  8  inches  and  over,  and  (3)  for  the  dominant 
stand. 

Volumes  of  individual  trees  were  taken  from  volume  tables  for 
white  fir.3  The  cubic-foot  volume  is  that  of  entire  stem  exclusive  of 
bark.  The  board-foot  volume  is  that  between  a  1-foot  stump  and 
top  diameter  (inside  bark)  of  5  inches,  based  on  the  International 
Log  Rule,  y8  inch  kerf. 


SITE    CLASSIFICATION 

Site  quality  is  classified  according  to  the  height  of  the  average 
dominant  white  fir  at  50  years  of  age.  Average  height  of  the  dom- 
inant stand  at  a  given  age  is  now  generally  accepted  as  the  simplest 
and  most  convenient  indicator  of  the  wood-producing  power  of  a 
forest  area.  But  the  standard  classification  of  the  range  of  the  species 
into  three  or  five  sites  is  not  used.  Instead,  each  plot  was  assigned 
a  site  index  or  number  corresponding  to  the  height,  in  feet,  that  its 
average  dominant  white  fir  would  attain  (or  had  attained)  at  50  years. 
With  quality  of  site  thus  definitely  bound  up  with  a  given  height  of 
dominant  at  a  given  age,  a  universal  classification  for  all  species  of 
the  region  may  be  adopted,  into  which  site  qualities  as  here  denned 
may  readily  be  made  to  fit. 

Figure  1  shows  the  height  curves  used  in  determining  site  classi- 
fication. These  curves  were  constructed  by  fitting  a  form  curve 
showing  increase  in  height  of  the  average  dominant  for  the  average 
of  all  sites,  and  a  series  of  curves  of  the  same  form  passing  through 
ten-foot  height  intervals  at  50  years,  thus  denning  site  classes. 

The  form  of  the  curves  below  40  years  of  age  was  based  on 
measurements  of  individual  dominant  trees  instead  of  on  the  average 
dominant  of  plots,  because  no  plots  under  40  years  of  age  with  trees 
in  the  4-inch  diameter  class  (the  minimum  diameter  tallied)  or  over, 
were  found. 


Volume  tables  in  both  board-foot  and  cubic-foot  units  are  given  on  pp.  24-26. 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


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BUL.  407]  WHITE    FIR    IN    THE    CALIFORNIA    PINE    REGION 


YIELD   TABLES 

Table  1  gives  the  following  data  for  the  stand  4  inches  and  over 
in  diameter :  the  number  of  trees  to  the  acre,  average  diameter  breast 
high,  average  height,  basal  area  in  square  feet  and  volume  in  cubic 
feet  to  the  acre,  and  average  annual  growth  in  cubic  feet,  by  site 
and  age  classes.  Table  2  gives  corresponding  values  for  the  stand 
8  inches  and  over  in  diameter,  except  that  volume  and  average  annual 
growth  is  given  in  board  measure,  and  a  column  is  added  giving  log 
run  to  the  thousand  feet  of  board  measure. 


DISTRIBUTION    OF    TREES    BY    DIAMETER    CLASSES 

Table  1  gives  the  number  of  trees  to  the  acre  and  average  diameter 
for  each  site  and  age  class,  but  does  not  indicate  distribution  of  the 
number  by  diameter  classes.  Complete  stand  tables  which  show  such 
distribution  would  require  too  much  space  here,  as  a  separate  table 
would  be  needed  for  each  site-age  class.  Analysis  indicates  that  the 
distribution  of  trees  by  diameter  classes  is  primarily  a  function  of 
average  diameter,  so  that  factors  of  site  and  age  influence  distribu- 
tion insofar  only  as  they  affect  average  diameter  of  the  stand  and 
number  of  trees  to  the  acre.  A  single  stand  table,  then,  showing  dis- 
tribution of  trees  in  per  cent  of  the  total  number,  when  average 
diameter  of  the  stand  is  known  (table  3),  serves  the  purpose  very 
well.4 

Knowing  average  diameter  of  the  stand  and  number  of  trees  to 
the  acre  as  given  in  table  1,  the  number  of  trees  by  diameter  classes 
may  be  readily  computed  by  converting  the  percentages  of  table  3 
into  number  of  trees. 


EFFECT   OF    NUMBER    OF    TREES    TO    THE    ACRE    ON    YIELD 

Natural  stands  which  come  in  after  logging,  while  essentially 
even-aged,  are  seldom  fully  stocked  except  on  small  portions  of  the 
area.  But  it  is  to  be  expected  that  as  crowns  of  the  individual  trees 
grow  and  meet,  forming  a  more  or  less  complete  crown  canopy,  such 
stands  approach  full  stocking,  not,  perhaps,  in  number  of  trees  to 
the  acre  for  age  and  site,  but  in  volume,  because  if  the  number  of 


*  The  method  of  constructing  the  stand  table  is  explained  on  pp.  21-22. 


8 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


trees  is  deficient  as  compared  with  tables  1  and  2,  the  diameter  of 
individual  trees  should  be  greater.  This  is  brought  out  in  figure  2, 
which  shows  that  when  crown  canopy  is  fairly  complete,  the  number 
of  trees  which  have  board-foot  contents  (i.e.,  trees  8  inches  and  over 
in  diameter  breast  high)  may  be  but  half  the  number  given  in 
table  2,  yet  in  volume  board  measure  the  stand  should  have  between 
65  and  70  per  cent  of  that  given  in  the  table. 

For  example,  suppose  a  30-year-old  stand  of  Site  80  feet  has  200 
well-spaced  trees  to  the  acre  averaging  perhaps  2  inches  in  diameter 
breast-high.  It  is  safe  to  assume,  provided  the  area  is  given  protec- 
tion, that  none  of  these  trees  will  die  from  crowding,  so  that  when  the 
stand  becomes  90  years  old,  there  should  still  be  200  trees  to  the  acre, 
all  over  8  inches  in  diameter  breast  high.  Table  2  gives  249  merchant- 
able trees  for  this  age  and  site.  The  stand,  then,  will  be  80  per  cent 
stocked  by  number  of  trees,  and  according  to  figure  2,  87  per  cent 
normal  by  volume  board  measure;  that  is,  it  should  contain  87  per 
cent  of  118,000  or  103,000  feet  board  measure. 

It  seems  safe  to  assume,  also,  that  at  120  years  the  area  will  still 
have  200  trees.  By  that  time  it  should  be  normal  according  to  table  2, 
both  in  number  of  trees  and  in  volume. 


TABLE  1 
Normal  Yield  Table  for  White  Fir,  Including  Trees  4  Inches  and  Over 


Age 

Number 
of  Trees 
per  Acre 

Average 
Height 
of  Trees 

Average 

Diameter 

Breast  High 

Basal 

Area  per 

Acre 

Volume 
per  Acre 

Average 
Annual 
Growth 

Basis 
Number 
of  Plots 

Years 

Feet 

Inches 

Square  Feet 

Cubic  Feet 

Cubic  Feet 

Site  index  90  feet  at  50  years 


50 

437 

75 

11.5 

316 

9000 

180 

2 

60 

376 

93 

13.6 

381 

12600 

210 

3 

70 

326 

104 

15.5 

428 

15200 

217 

1 

80 

285 

109 

17.2 

458 

16950 

212 

90 

250 

115 

18.5 

468 

18400 

204 

3 

100 

226 

119 

19.5 

471 

19600 

196 

110 

207 

122 

20.4 

471 

20500 

186 

120 

194 

125 

21.1 

471 

21300 

177 

130 

184 

127 

21.7 

471 

22000 

169 

140 

175 

130 

22.2 

471 

22600 

161 

150 

167 

132 

22.7 

471 

23100 

154 

Bul.  407] 


WHITE    FIR    IN    THE    CALIFORNIA    PINE    REGION 


TABLE  1— (Continued) 


Age 


Years 


Number 
of  Trees 
per  Acre 


Average 
Height 
of  Trees 


Feet 


Average 

Diameter 

Breast  High 


Inches 


Basal 

Area  per 

Acre 


Square  Feet 


Volume 
per  Acre 


Cubic  Feet 


Average 
Annual 
Growth 


Cubic  Feet 


Basis 
Number 
of  Plots 


Site  index  80  feet  at  50  years 


50 

520 

65 

10.3 

303 

8100 

162 

5 

60 

449 

82 

12.2 

364 

11400 

190 

5 

70 

390 

92 

13.9 

411 

13700 

196 

7 

80 

342 

96 

15.4 

441 

15200 

190 

3 

90 

302 

101 

16.5 

450 

16600 

184 

3 

100 

270 

105 

17.5 

452 

17600 

176 

110 

248 

107 

18.3 

452 

18500 

168 

120 

230 

110 

19.0 

452 

19200 

160 

130 

218 

112 

19.5 

452 

19800 

152 

2 

140 

208 

114 

19.9 

452 

20300 

145 

150 

200 

116 

20.3 

452 

20800 

139 

Site  index  70  feet  at  50  years 

50 

630 

57 

9.2 

288 

6700 

135 

9 

60 

539 

71 

10.9 

346 

9400 

157 

17 

70 

468 

80 

12.4 

390 

11400 

163 

8 

80 

410 

84 

13.7 

418 

12700 

159 

5 

90 

362 

88 

14.7 

427 

13700 

152 

6 

100 

325 

91 

15.6 

430 

14600 

146 

3 

110 

297 

93 

16.3 

430 

15400 

140 

3 

120 

275 

95 

16.9 

430 

15900 

132 

3 

i3o 

260 

97 

17.4 

430 

16400 

126 

1 

140 

249 

99 

17.8 

430 

16800 

120 

1 

150 

241 

101 

18.1 

430 

17200 

115 

Site  index  60  feet  at  50  years 


50 

756 

49 

8.0 

265 

5300 

106 

5 

60 

650 

61 

9.5 

319 

7400 

123 

10 

70 

566 

69 

10.8 

360 

9000 

128 

10 

80 

497 

72 

12.0 

387 

10000 

125 

1 

90 

438 

76 

12.8 

394 

10800 

120 

1 

100 

391 

78 

13.6 

397 

11500 

115 

6 

110 

361 

80 

14.2 

397 

12000 

109 

4 

120 

336 

82 

14.7 

397 

12500 

104 

2 

130 

316 

84 

15.2 

397 

12950 

100 

1 

140 

300 

85 

15.6 

397 

13300 

95 

150 

290 

87 

15.8 

397 

13600 

91 

1 

10 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


TABLE  1— (Concluded) 


Age 

Number 
of  Trees 
per  Acre 

Average 
Height 
of  Trees 

Average 

Diameter 

Breast  High 

Basal 

Area  per 

Acre 

Volume 
per  Acre 

Average 
Annual 
Growth 

Basis 
Number 
of  Plots 

Years 

Feet 

I  riches 

Square  Feet 

Cubic  Feet 

Cubic  Feet 

Site  index  50  feet  at  50  years 


50 

930 

41 

6.8 

237 

3800 

76 

1 

60 

795 

51 

8.1 

284 

5300 

88 

3 

70 

690 

58 

9.2 

320 

6400 

91 

1 

80 

604 

61 

10.2 

343 

7100 

89 

3 

90 

531 

63 

11.0 

350 

7700 

86 

100 

477 

66 

11.6 

352 

8200 

82 

1 

110 

439 

67 

12.1 

352 

8600 

78 

3 

120 

410 

69 

12.5 

352 

8900 

74 

2 

130 

390 

70 

12.8 

352 

9200 

71 

2 

140 

374 

72 

13.1 

352 

9400 

67 

1 

150 

361 

73 

13.3 

352 

9650 

64 

Site  index  40  feet  at  50  years 


50 

1170 

34 

5.6 

203 

2700 

54 

1 

60 

1000 

42 

6.7 

244 

3800 

63 

1 

70 

869 

47 

7.6 

276 

4500 

64 

1 

80 

760 

49 

8.4 

296 

5000 

62 

90 

666 

52 

9.1 

301 

5500 

61 

1 

100 

601 

53 

9.6 

302 

5800 

58 

110 

550 

55 

10.0 

302 

6100 

55 

120 

513 

56 

10.4 

302 

6350 

53 

130 

483 

57 

10.7 

302 

6550 

50 

140 

460 

58 

11.0 

302 

6700 

48 

150 

441 

59 

11.2 

302 

6900 

46 

Site  index  30  feet  at  50  years 


50 

1590 

26 

4.4 

166 

2150 

43 

60 

1366 

32 

5.2 

201 

3000 

50 

70 

1180 

36 

5.9 

227 

3600 

51 

4 

80 

1036 

38 

6.6 

243 

4000 

50 

90 

907 

40 

7.1 

248 

4300 

48 

100 

815 

41 

7.5 

249 

4600 

46 

110 

750 

42 

7.8 

249 

4800 

44 

120 

700 

43 

8.1 

249 

5000 

42 

130 

662 

44 

8.3 

249 

5150 

40 

1 

140 

629 

45 

8.5 

249 

5300 

38 

150 

601 

46 

8.7 

249 

5425 

36 

Bul.  407 


WHITE    FIR    IN    THE    CALIFORNIA    PINE    REGION 


11 


TABLE  2 
Normal  Yield  Table  for  White  Fir,  Including  Trees  8  Inches  and  Over 


Age 


Number 

of  Trees 

per 

Acre 


Average 
Height 
of  Trees 


Average 

Diameter 

Breast 

High 


Area 
per 
Acre 


Volume 
per  Acre 


Average 
Annual 
Growth 


Logs  per 
M.B.  M. 


Number 

of 

Plots 


Years 


Feet 


Inches 


Square 
Feet 


Board 

Feet 


Board 

Feet 


Site  index  90  feet  at  50  years 

50 

284 

85 

13.7 

290 

52400 

1048 

20 

2 

60 

275 

100 

15.6 

363 

81500 

1358 

16 

3 

70 

260 

108 

17.2 

418 

104400 

1481 

13 

1 

80 

238 

114 

18.6 

451 

122000 

1525 

11 

90 

216 

119 

19.8 

463 

136100 

1513 

10 

3 

100 

198 

122 

20.8 

466 

147800 

1478 

9 

110 

183 

125 

21.6 

466 

156000 

1418 

8 

120 

172 

127 

22.3 

466 

163800 

1365 

7 

130 

163 

128 

22.9 

466 

171000 

1315 

7 

140 

155 

130 

23.5 

466 

176700 

1262 

6 

150 

148 

131 

24.0 

466 

181300 

1209 

6 

Site  index  80  feet 

it  50  years 

50 

307 

77 

12.6 

266 

43200 

864 

22 

5 

60 

305 

90 

14.3 

339 

69000 

1150 

18 

5 

70 

290 

97 

15.8 

395 

89300 

1275 

15 

7 

80 

270 

103 

17.1 

430 

104100 

1300 

13 

3 

90 

249 

107 

18.1 

442 

117700 

1308 

11 

3 

100 

229 

110 

18.9 

446 

127400 

1274 

10 

110 

213 

112 

19.6 

447 

136100 

1237 

9 

120 

201 

114 

20.2 

448 

142600 

1189 

8 

130 

191 

115 

20.7 

448 

148500 

1143 

8 

2 

140 

183 

117 

21.2 

448 

153000 

1093 

8 

150 

177 

118 

21.6 

448 

157000 

1047 

7 

Site  index  70  feet  at  50  years 

50 

328 

68 

11.5 

236 

31900 

638 

26 

9 

60 

334 

80 

13.1 

310 

52600 

877 

21 

17 

70 

321 

87 

14.4 

365 

69600 

994 

18 

8 

80 

301 

92 

15.6 

399 

82200 

1027 

15 

5 

90 

279 

95 

16.5 

414 

91800 

1020 

13 

6 

100 

260 

98 

17.2 

419 

100700 

1007 

12 

3 

110 

243 

100 

17.8 

422 

108000 

982 

11 

3 

120 

230 

102 

18.3 

423 

113100 

942 

10 

3 

130 

220 

103 

18.8 

424 

118100 

908 

10 

1 

140 

212 

104 

19.1 

424 

121800 

870 

9 

1 

150 

207 

105 

19.4 

425 

125400 

836 

9 

12 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


TABLE  2—  (Concluded) 


Age 

Number 

of  Trees 

per 

Acre 

Average 
Height 
of  Trees 

Average 

Diameter 

Breast 

High 

Basal 
Area 
per 
Acre 

Volume 
per  Acre 

Average 
Annual 
Growth 
per  Acre 

Logs  per 
M.  B.  M. 

Number 

of 

Plots 

Years 

Feet 

Inches 

Square 
Feet 

Board 
Feet 

Board 
Feet 

Site  index  60  feet  at  50  years 

50 

317 

60 

10.4 

187 

20600 

412 

30 

5 

60 

351 

70 

11.8 

268 

36500 

608 

26 

10 

70 

348 

76 

13.0 

322 

50000 

714 

22 

10 

80 

331 

80 

14.1 

359 

60000 

750 

19 

1 

90 

306 

83 

14.9 

372 

67500 

750 

17 

1 

100 

287 

86 

15.6 

379 

74000 

740 

15 

6 

110 

272 

88 

16.1 

383 

79200 

720 

14 

4 

120 

259 

89 

16.5 

385 

83600 

696 

13 

2 

130 

248 

90 

16.9 

387 

88100 

678 

12 

1 

140 

240 

91 

17.2 

388 

91400 

633 

11 

150 

233 

92 

17.5 

389 

93800 

625 

11 

1 

Site  index  50  feet  at  50  years 

50 

260 

51 

9.1 

118 

9700 

194 

35 

1 

60 

341 

60 

10.5 

206 

21100 

352 

32 

3 

70 

360 

65 

11.6 

263 

30500 

436 

28 

1 

80 

352 

69 

12.5 

299 

37600 

470 

25 

3 

90 

332 

71 

13.2 

315 

43300 

481 

22 

100 

311 

74 

13.8 

323 

48400 

484 

20 

1 

110 

295 

75 

14.3 

327 

51900 

472 

18 

3 

120 

283 

76 

14.6 

330 

54800 

457 

17 

2 

130 

274 

77 

14.9 

332 

57800 

445 

16 

2 

140 

267 

78 

15.2 

334 

59700 

426 

15 

1 

150 

260 

79 

15.4 

336 

61600 

411 

15 

Site  index  40  feet  at  50  years 

50 

123 

43 

7.9 

42 

2200 

44 

40 

1 

60 

265 

50 

9.0 

117 

9200 

153 

37 

1 

70 

330 

54 

10.0 

178 

15700 

224 

34 

1 

80 

347 

58 

10.9 

223 

21100 

264 

31 

90 

342 

60 

11.5 

246 

25800 

287 

28 

1 

100 

329 

62 

11.9 

255 

29000 

290 

26 

110 

315 

63 

12.3 

261 

31700 

288 

24 

120 

303 

64 

12.7 

265 

33900 

283 

22 

130 

294 

65 

12.9 

269 

36000 

277 

21 

140 

287 

65 

13.2 

272 

37500 

268 

20 

150 

280 

66 

13.4 

274 

38800 

259 

19 

Bul.  407] 


WHITE    FIR    IN    THE    CALIFORNIA    PINE    REGION 


13 


Volume  board  measure  of  plots  in  per  cent  of  yield  table. 


14 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


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BUL.  407]  WHITE    FIR    IN    THE    CALIFORNIA    PINE    REGION 


15 


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16  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


DISCUSSION 

One  of  the  most  important  observations  on  the  growth  of  white 
fir  stands  is  its  exceptionally  slow  growth  up  to  an  age  of  about 
30  years,  as  shown  graphically  for  height  of  dominants  in  figure  1, 
and  the  marked  acceleration  from  that  age  up  to  about  the  90th  year, 
so  sudden  and  persistent  that  its  growth  during  this  60-year  period 
compares  favorably  with  the  growth  of  redwood  (Sequoia  semper- 
virens  Endl.)  stands  of  the  northern  coast  counties  in  their  first 
60  years.  Bruce5  reports  that  redwood  probably  grows  faster  than 
any  other  conifer  and  can  be  raised  on  the  shortest  rotation.  Values 
from  equivalent  sites  of  the  two  species  are  compared : 

Redwood  (after  Bruce)  White  Fir6 

Site   Ill  70-ft. 

Age   60  90 

Average  diameter  breast  high,  in  inches 14.9  14.7 

Volume  board  measure  to  the  acre 93,000  91,800 

Perhaps  advantage  can  be  taken  of  the  peculiar  growth  of  white 
fir,  so  as  to  reduce  its  90-year  growth,  practically  all  of  which  occurs 
between  the  30th  and  90th  years,  to  a  60-year  rotation.  This  plan 
seems  feasible  on  areas  where  the  species  is  found  pure,  provided  the 
qualities  of  its  wood  can  be  shown  to  be  such  that  it  will  rank  with 
the  woods  of  other  second-growth  species  of  the  pine  region.  It  is 
perhaps  the  most  prolific  seeder  of  the  main  timber  belt  of  the  region. 
It  is  considered  quite  tolerant  of  shade.  These  qualities  adapt  it  to 
the  shelterwood  system  of  silviculture,  wherein  the  establishment  of 
reproduction  is  provided  for  before  all  of  the  overwood  is  removed. 
The  dominant  trees  of  this  lower  story  should  average  about  16  feet 
in  height  when  they  are  approximately  30  years  old,  as  indicated  by 
measurements  taken  beneath  older  timber.  They  will  then  have 
passed  through  the  period  of  slow  growth,  and  if  given  available 
light  and  space  by  the  removal  of  overwood,  should  make  the  remark- 
able growth  shown  in  the  tables. 

Even  though  such  intensive  management  may  not  yet  be  practical, 
the  slow  growth  of  white  fir  in  its  seedling  and  sapling  stages  brings 
out  forcibly  the  value  of  advance  reproduction.  Thirty  years  or 
more  are  lost  on  lands  where  fire  destroys  this  young  growth,  or  where 
it  is  heedlessly  killed  by  present  logging  methods. 

s  Bruce,  D.,  Preliminary  yield  tables  for  second-growth  redwood.  University  of 
California  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  361,  pp.  427-467,  figs.  1-5.     1923. 

6  Measurements  taken  on  young  individual  trees  indicate  that  at  30  years, 
dominant  white  firs  are  about  16  feet  high  and  about  2  inches  in  diameter  breast 
high. 


BUL.  407]  WHITE   FIR   IN    THE    CALIFORNIA   PINE   REGION  17 


APPENDIX 

DISTRIBUTION    OF    BASIC    DATA 

Measurements  of  179  sample  plots  were  available  for  the  study, 
128  of  which  were  gathered  by  the  staff  of  the  Division  of  Forestry, 
University  of  California,  and  51  by  the  Branch  of  Research  of  the 
California  District,  United  States  Forest  Service. 

In  geographical  range,  these  plots  represent  samples  from  prac- 
tically every  Sierra  county  between  Modoc  and  Fresno.  Distribution 
by  watershed  tributary  to  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  Rivers, 
together  with  a  number  from  the  east  side  of  the  Sierra,  is  shown  in 
table  4. 

TABLE  4 
Geographical  Distribution  of  Plots 

Number  of 
Watershed  Plots 

PittRiver 4 

Chico  Creek 1 

Butte  Creek 18 

Feather  River 41 

Yuba  River 6 

Bear  River 3 

American  River 21 

Stanislaus  River 10 

Tuolumne  River 43 

Fresno  River 4 


West  Side  of  Sierra 151 

East  Side  of  Sierra 28 

Total 179 

Effort  was  made  to  gather  plots  homogeneous  in  species,  stocking, 
age,  and  site — a  combination  which  is  not  maintained  in  any  con- 
siderable area  of  natural  stands — thus  setting  conditions  that  neces- 
sarily limit  plot  size.  Table  5  shows  distribution  of  plots  by  area 
classes : 


18 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


TABLE  5 
Distribution  of  Plots  by  Area  Classes 

Number  of 
Area  in  Acres  Plots 

Less  than  .10 25 

.10-. 19 65 

.20-. 29 41 

.30-.39 27 

.40-.49 13 

.50-.59 5 

.60-. 69 0 

.70-.  79 1 

.80-. 89 1 

.90-. 99 1_ 

Total 179 

Average  Area  of  Plots 231  acres 


It  was  found  that  the  basal  area  to  the  acre  of  these  plots  is 
independent  of  plot  area,  which  means  that  due  care  was  exercised 
in  laying  out  boundaries,  and  that  plot  areas  represent  the  actual 
areas  used  by  the  enclosed  stands. 

Of  the  total  number,  9  plots  were  discarded  because  they  were 
over  150  years  of  age,  ranging  from  155  to  180,  as  they  seemed  in- 
sufficient in  number  for  their  range  to  put  reliance  in  their  averages. 
One  plot,  a  30-year-old  one,  in  which  all  trees  down  to  .1  inch 
diameter  were  measured,  was  discarded  because  it  contained  no  trees 
as  large  as  4  inches  in  diameter  breast  high.  The  site  classification 
of  figure  1  was  then  based  on  the  169  plots  thus  far  accepted.  Infor- 
mation on  distribution  of  these  by  site  and  age  classes  is  given  in 
table  6. 

TABLE  6 
Distribution  of  Plots  by  Site  and  Age  Classes 


Age 

Site — Height  in 

Feet  of  Average  Dominant  White  Fir  at  50  Years 

25-34 

35-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65-74 

75-84 

85-94 

Total 

40-49 

1 

5 
4 
16 
1 
2 
5 
5 
3 
2 

5 
15 
14 

7 
3 
6 
2 
4 
2 
2 

2 
2 
2 

13 

50-59 

2 
4 
3 

8 
9 
5 

1 

'  2 

31 

60-69 

2 
1 

1 

47 

70-79 

4 

21 

80-89 

7 

90-99 

1 
1 
4 
1 
2 
1 

3 

17 

100-109 

8 

110-119 

11 

120-129 

1 

6 

130-139 

2 

6 

140-149 

1 

2 

Total 

5 

5 

19 

44 

60 

27 

9 

169 

BUL.  407]  WHITE    FIR    IN    THE    CALIFORNIA    PINE    REGION  19 

Table  7  shows  the  average  composition  of  the  169  plots  in  basal 
area  by  species. 

TABLE  7 
Composition  of  Plots 

Species  Per  Cent  of  Basal  Area 

White  Fir 82.0 

Sugar  Pine 4.9 

Douglas  Fir 4.5 

Western  Yellow  Pine 3.2 

RedFir 2.8 

Incense  Cedar 2.2 

Miscellaneous 4 

100.0 

Investigation  indicates  that  basal  area  to  the  acre  is  independent 
of  composition,  or  at  least  that  there  is  not  enough  of  any  species 
other  than  white  fir  to  affect  basal  area.  No  appreciable  error  should 
result,  then,  from  using  white  fir  volume  tables  for  all  species,  even 
though  the  bark  of  white  fir  is  thinner  than  the  bark  of  incense  cedar 
and  the  pines. 

REJECTION    OF    ABNORMAL    PLOTS 

In  the  field,  plots  whose  crown  canopies  were  as  complete  as 
seemed  consistent  with  age,  were  considered  normal  and  suitable  as 
a  basis  for  the  yield  tables.  But  the  personal  factor  might  have 
played  such  a  large  part  in  defining  normality  of  stocking  for  field 
purposes,  that  a  further  check  was  necessary. 

Preliminary  curves  of  basal  area  growth  were  fitted  and  harmon- 
ized by  site  classes.  Then  the  deviations  of  the  basal  area  of  each 
plot  from  the  basal  area  curve,  fitted  to  nearest  foot  of  site  and  nearest 
year  of  age,  were  computed  and  grouped,  and  are  shown  in  table  8. 

TABLE  8 
Deviation  of  Plot  Basal  Area  from  Basal  Area  Curve 

Per  Cent  Deviation                                              Number  of  Plots 
-50  to  -59 0 

-40  to  -49 1 

-30  to  -39 7 

-20  to  -29 17 

-10  to  -19 22 

Oto  -9 37 

Oto  +9 36 

+10  to  +19 22 

+20  to  +29 13 

+30  to  +39 12 

+40  to  +49 0 

+50  to  +59 2 

Total 169 


20  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

The  probable  error  was  computed  to  be  ±  12.6  per  cent ;  that  is, 
the  basal  areas  of  half  the  plots  deviate  from  the  curved  basal  area 
for  site  and  age  by  less  than  12.6  per  cent,  and  half  by  more.  Three 
times  the  probable  error  (in  this  case  about  38  per  cent)  is  commonly 
used  as  the  limit  of  error,  so  that  plots  whose  deviations  exceeded 
±  36  per  cent  were  scrutinized,  and  accepted  or  rejected  by  other 
facts  gathered  from  composition,  plot  description,  etc.  Twelve  plots 
were  rejected  for  the  following  reasons: 

Overstocked  6 

Understocked     2 

Too  high  percentage  of  cedar 2 

Too  high  percentage  of  Douglas  fir 1 

Too  high  percentage  of  sugar  pine 1 

The  remaining  157  plots  were  used  as  the  basis  of  the  yield  tables. 


RELATION    BETWEEN    HEIGHTS    OF    THE    VARIOUS    SPECIES 

IN   MIXTURE 

This  relationship  was  studied  between  the  dominant  trees  of  white 
fir  and  other  species,  on  those  plots  where  there  was  a  sufficient  num- 
ber of  another  species  for  its  height-diameter  curve.  Heights  of  the 
average  dominants  of  associated  species  in  percentage  of  average 
dominant  white  fir  together  with  their  coefficients  of  correlation  are 
shown  in  table  9. 

TABLE  9 

Belation  Between  the  Heights  op  Average  Dominants  of  White  Fir  and 

Associated  Species 


Species 

Sugar  pine 

Western  yellow  pine.. 

Red  fir 

Douglas  fir 


Per  Cent  of 
White  Fir  Height 


92 

100 

99 

94 


Coefficient  of 
Correlation 


94±.01 
92±05 

88=b . 05 
48±.16 


Basis  Number 
of  Plots 


30 
14 
11 
10 


There  is  very  good  correlation  between  white  fir  on  the  one  hand, 
and  sugar  pine,  western  yellow  pine  and  red  fir  on  the  other.  With 
Douglas  fir,  however,  the  value  of  the  coefficient  is  nullified  by  its 
high  probable  error,  so  that  it  is  assumed  that  for  this  species  the 
samples  on  which  the  correlation  is  based  was  not  adequate. 


Bul.  407] 


WHITE    FIR   IN    THE    CALIFORNIA    PINE    REGION 


21 


Since  western  yellow  pine  and  red  fir  make  practically  the  same 
height  growth  as  white  fir  on  the  same  sites  and  within  the  age  limits 
of  the  data  (45  years  to  150  years),  one  site  classification,  based  on 
height  of  average  dominant  should  serve  for  these  three  species. 
Another  classification  will  be  needed  for  sugar  pine  and  perhaps 
for  Douglas  fir. 

BASIS  OF  THE  STAND  TABLE 

Progressive  steps  in  the  construction  of  table  3  were  as  follows : 

(1)  Plots  were  sorted  by  10-foot  site  classes  and  10-year  age 
classes,  and  distribution  of  trees  to  the  acre  by  diameter  classes  for 
each  site-age  class  was  computed  in  cumulative  per  cent.  Table  10 
shows  an  example  of  the  computation  for  a  random  site-age  class. 


TABLE  10 

Distribution   of   Number  of   Trees   to  the   Acre  for   Site   80-Ft.,   50-Year 

Age  Class 


(Average  diameter  breast  high  11.2  inches.     Basis  5  plots.) 

D.  b.  h.  inches 

Average  number  of 
trees  to  the  acre 

Per  cent  of  total 
number 

Cumulative  per  cent 

4 

34 

7 

7 

5 

58 

12 

19 

6 

42 

8 

27 

7 

51 

10 

37 

8 

38 

8 

45 

9 

38 

8 

53 

10 

38 

8 

61 

11 

36 

7 

68 

12 

12 

2 

70 

13 

24 

5 

75 

14 

22 

4 

79 

15 

23 

5 

84 

16 

18 

4 

88 

17 

19 

4 

92 

18 

9 

1.8 

93.8 

19 

12 

2 

95.8 

20 

3 

0.6 

96.4 

21 

9 

1.8 

98.2 

22 

4 

0.8 

99.0 

23 

1 

0.2 

99.2 

24 

3 

0.6 

99.8 

25 

1 

0.2 

100 

Total 

495 

100 

22  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

(2)  Values  of  each  site-age  class  were  plotted  on  ordinary  cross- 
section  paper,  cumulative  per  cents  over  their  corresponding  diam- 
eters breast  high,  and  the  points  connected  by  straight  lines.  (They 
were  first  plotted  on  arithmetic  probability  paper,  as  proposed  by 
Bruce,7  but  as  the  distribution  was  obviously  not  normal,  and  the 
use  of  the  paper  actually  distorted  interpolated  values  in  the  lower 
diameter  classes,  the  method  was  abandoned).  The  striking  similarity 
in  form  of  the  curves  regardless  of  site  or  age,  as  shown  by  close 
checks  between  deciles  for  stands  which  had  the  same  average  diam- 
eter though  differing  widely  in  site  and  age,  indicated  that  the 
distribution  was  a  function  primarily  of  average  diameter. 

(3)  These  curves  were  then  grouped  by  average  diameter  breast 
high;  and  for  each  1-inch  class,  deciles  and  the  98th  percentile  were 
averaged  and  plotted  as  shown  in  figure  3. 

(4)  Deciles  and  the  98th  percentile  were  harmonized  and  table  3 
constructed. 

As  a  check,  the  coefficient  of  correlation  between  average  diameter 
breast-high  and  the  50th  and  90th  percentiles  were  computed  and 
found  to  be  as  follows : 

Average  diameter  breast  high  and  50th  percentile,  .83  ±  .02. 

Average  diameter  breast  high  and  90th  percentile,  .99  ±  .01. 


VOLUME    TABLES    FOR    WHITE     FIR 

Tables  11,  12,  and  13,  volume  tables  for  white  fir,  were  constructed 
as  a  preliminary  step  in  the  yield  study.  They  are  based  on  taper 
measurements  of  over  600  trees,  taken  by  the  United  States  Forest 
Service  in  Siskiyou  County  in  1905. 


7  Bruce,  D.,  A  method  of  preparing  timber-yield  tables.     Jour.  Agr.  Research, 
32:   543-557,  figs.  1-8.     1926. 


Bul.  407 


WHITE    FIR    IN    THE    CALIFORNIA    PINE    REGION 


23 


IO  12  14  \G  IS 

Average  diameter  breast  high  of  stand  in  inches. 

Fig.  3. — Distribution  of  diameter  classes  in  stands  of  specified  average 
diameter  breast  high. 


24 


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STATION  PUBLICATIONS  AVAILABLE  FOR  FREE  DISTRIBUTION 


BULLETINS 


No. 

253.   Irrigation   and   Soil   Conditions   in  the 
Sierra   Nevada   Foothills,    California. 

261.  Melaxuma    of    the    Walnut,     "Juglans 

regia." 

262.  Citrus   Diseases  of   Florida   and   Cuba 

Compared  with  Those  of  California. 

263.  Size   Grades   for  Ripe   Olives. 

268.   Growing  and  Grafting  Olive  Seedlings. 
273.  Preliminary  Report  on  Kearney  Vine- 
yard  Experimental   Drain. 

275.  The     Cultivation     of     Belladonna     in 

California. 

276.  The  Pomegranate. 

277.  Sudan   Grass. 

278.  Grain    Sorghums. 

279.  Irrigation   of  Rice   in   California. 
283.   The   Olive  Insects  of  California. 
294.   Bean   Culture  in   California. 

304.  A  Study  of  the  Effects  of  Freezes  on 

Citrus    in    California. 
310.   Plum    Pollination. 

312.  Mariout  Barley. 

313.  Pruning      Young      Deciduous       Fruit 

Trees. 
319.   Caprifigs    and    Caprification. 

324.  Storage  of   Perishable  Fruit  at  Freez- 

ing Temperatures. 

325.  Rice     Irrigation     Measurements      and 

Experiments    in    Sacramento   Valley, 

1914-1919. 
328.   Prune   Growing   in    California. 
331.   Phylloxera-Resistant    Stocks. 
335.   Cocoanut    Meal    as    a    Feed    for    Dairy 

Cows   and   Other   Livestock. 

339.  The    Relative    Cost    of    Making    Logs 

from   Small   and   Large  Timber. 

340.  Control     of     the     Pocket     Gopher     in 

California. 

343.  Cheese    Pests    and    Their    Control. 

344.  Cold    Storage    as    an    Aid   to   the   Mar- 

keting of  Plums. 

346.  Almond    Pollination. 

347.  The  Control  of  Red  Spiders  in  Decid- 

uous Orchards. 

348.  Pruning  Young  Olive  Trees. 

349.  A    Study    of    Sidedraft    and    Tractor 

Hitches. 

350.  Agriculture      in      Cut-over      Redwood 

Lands. 

352.  Further  Experiments  in  Plum  Pollina- 

tion. 

353.  Bovine    Infectious   Abortion. 

354.  Results  of  Rice  Experiments  in   1922. 

357.  A    Self-mixing    Dusting    Machine    for 

Applying      Dry       Insecticides       and 
Fungicides. 

358.  Black    Measles,    Water    Berries,     and 

Related  Vine  Troubles. 

361.  Preliminary    Yield    Tables    for    Second 

Growth   Redwood. 

362.  Dust  and  the  Tractor   Engine. 

363.  The  Pruning  of  Citrus  Trees  in  Cali- 

fornia. 

364.  Fungicidal   Dusts    for   the    Control    of 

Bunt. 

365.  Avocado  Culture  in  California. 


No. 
366. 

367. 

368. 

369. 

370. 
371. 

372. 

373. 
374. 


375. 

376. 

377. 
379. 
380. 

381. 

382. 

383. 

385. 
386. 

387. 
388. 

389. 
390. 

391. 

392. 
393. 
394. 

395. 
396. 

397. 

398. 
399. 


400. 
401. 

402. 
403. 
404. 
405. 
406. 


Turkish  Tobacco  Culture,  Curing  and 
Marketing. 

Methods  of  Harvesting  and  Irrigation 
in   Relation  of  Mouldy  Walnuts. 

Bacterial  Decomposition  of  Olives  dur- 
ing Pickling. 

Comparison  of  Woods  for  Butter 
Boxes. 

Browning  of  Yellow  Newtown  Apples. 

The  Relative  Cost  of  Yarding  Small 
and   Large   Timber. 

The  Cost  of  Producing  Market  Milk  and 
Butterfat  on  246  California  Dairies. 

Pear    Pollination. 

A  Survey  of  Orchard  Practices  in  the 
Citrus  Industry  of  Southern  Cali- 
fornia. 

Results  of  Rice  Experiments  at  Cor- 
tena,    1923. 

Sun-Drying  and  Dehydration  of  Wal- 
nuts. 

The   Cold    Storage   of   Pears. 

Walnut   Culture   in   California. 

Growth  of  Eucalyptus  in  California 
Plantations. 

Growing  and  Handling  Asparagus 
Crowns. 

Pumping  for  Drainage  in  the  San 
Joaquin    Valley,    California. 

Monilia  Blossom  Blight  (Brown  Rot) 
of  Apricot. 

Pollination    of   the    Sweet    Cherry. 

Pruning  Bearing  Deciduous  Fruit 
Trees. 

Fig   Smut. 

The  Principles  and  Practice  of  Sun- 
drying  Fruit. 

Berseem  or   Egyptian    Clover. 

Harvesting  and  Packing  Grapes  in 
California. 

Machines  for  Coating  Seed  Wheat  with 
Copper    Carbonate    Dust. 

Fruit    Juice    Concentrates. 

Crop  Sequences  at  Davis. 

Cereal  Hay  Production  in  California. 
Feeding  Trials  with  Cereal  Hay. 

Bark   Diseases   of   Citrus  Trees. 

The  Mat  Bean  (Phaseolus  aconilifo- 
lius). 

Manufacture  of  Roquefort  Type  Cheese 
from   Goat's   Milk. 

Orchard  Heating  in  California. 

The  Blackberry  Mite,  the  Cause  of 
Redberry  Disease  of  the  Himalaya 
Blackberry,    and   its   Control. 

The  Utilization  of  Surplus  Plums. 

Cost  of  Work  Horses  on  California 
Farms. 

The  Codling  Moth  in  Walnuts. 

Farm-Accounting  Associations. 

The  Dehydration  of  Prunes. 

Citrus  Culture  in  Central  California. 

Stationary  Spray  Plants  in  California. 


CIRCULARS 


No. 

87.  Alfalfa. 
117.  The    Selection    and    Cost    of    a    Small 

Pumping  Plant. 
127.  House    Fumigation. 
129.  The   Control  of  Citrus   Insects. 
136.  Melilotus    indica    as    a    Green-Manure 

Crop  for  California. 
144.   Oidium    or    Powdery    Mildew    of    the 

Vine. 


No. 

157. 

160. 

164. 

166. 

170. 

173. 

178. 


Control  of  the  Pear  Scab. 
Lettuce  Growing  in  California. 
Small  Fruit  Culture  in  California. 
The   County  Farm  Bureau. 
Fertilizing     California     Soils     for     the 

1918   Crop. 
The    Construction    of    the    Wood-Hoop 

Silo. 
The   Packing  of  Apples   in   California. 


CIRCULARS —  (Continued ) 


No. 

179. 

190. 
199. 
202. 

203. 
209. 
210. 
212. 
215. 
217. 

220. 

228. 
230. 

231. 
232. 

234. 

235. 

236. 

237. 

238. 
239. 

240. 

241. 

243. 

244 
245. 

247. 
248. 

249. 
250. 

252. 
253. 
254. 

255. 

256. 

257. 
258. 
259. 
261. 
262. 
263. 
264. 


Factors    of    Importance    in    Producing 

Milk  of  Low  Bacterial   Count. 
Agriculture  Clubs  in  California. 
Onion    Growing  in    California. 
County   Organizations   for  Rural  Fire 

Control. 
Peat  as   a  Manure   Substitute. 
The  Function  of  the  Farm  Bureau. 
Suggestions  to  the  Settler  in  California. 
Salvaging    Rain-Damaged    Prunes. 
Feeding  Dairy  Cows  in  California. 
Methods   for  Marketing  Vegetables   in 

California. 
Unfermented   Fruit  Juices. 
Vineyard  Irrigation  in  Arid  Climates. 
Testing  Milk,    Cream,    and   Skim  Milk 

for  Butterfat. 
The    Home   Vineyard. 
Harvesting    and    Handling    California 

Cherries    for    Eastern    Shipment. 
Winter  Injury  to  Young  Walnut  Trees 

during  1921-22. 
Soil     Analysis     and     Soil     and     Plant 

Inter-relations. 
The    Common     Hawks     and    Owls    of 
California    from    the    Standpoint    of 
the  Rancher. 
Directions  for  the  Tanning  and  Dress- 
ing of  Furs. 
The  Apricot  in  California. 
Harvesting     and     Handling     Apricots 

and  Plums  for  Eastern  Shipment. 
Harvesting    and    Handling    Pears    for 

Eastern   Shipment. 
Harvesting  and  Handling  Peaches  for 

Eastern   Shipment. 
Marmalade  Juice  and  Jelly  Juice  from 

Citrus  Fruits. 
Central  Wire  Bracing  for  Fruit  Trees. 
Vine   Pruning   Systems. 
Colonization    and    Rural   Development. 
Some    Common    Errors    in   Vine  Prun- 
ing and  Their  Remedies. 
Replacing    Missing    Vines. 
Measurement   of   Irrigation   Water  on 

the  Farm. 
Supports  for  Vines. 
Vineyard  Plans. 
The  Use  of  Artificial  Light  to  Increase 

Winter    Egg    Production. 
Leguminous  Plants  as  Organic  Fertil- 
izer   in    California    Agriculture. 
The    Control   of  Wild   Morning   Glory. 
The  Small-Seeded  Horse  Bean. 
Thinning  Deciduous   Fruits. 
Pear  By-products. 
Sewing  Grain  Sacks. 
Cabbage   Growing  in   California. 
Tomato  Production  in  California. 
Preliminary      Essentials      to      Bovine 
Tuberculosis  Control. 


No. 

265.  Plant  Disease  and  Pest  Control. 

266.  Analyzing     the     Citrus     Orchard     by 

Means   of    Simple   Tree   Records. 

267.  The  Tendency  of  Tractors  to   Rise  in 

Front;    Causes   and  Remedies. 

269.  An  Orchard  Brush  Burner. 

270.  A  Farm  Septic  Tank. 

272.  California  Farm  Tenancy  and  Methods 
of  Leasing. 

2  73.   Saving  the  Gophered   Citrus  Tree. 

274.  Fusarium  Wilt  of  Tomato  and  its  Con- 
trol by  Means  of  Resistant  Varieties. 

276.  Home  Canning. 

277.  Head,   Cane,    and   Cordon  Pruning  of 

Vines. 

278.  Olive  Pickling  in  Mediterranean  Coun- 

tries. 

279.  The  Preparation  and  Refining  of  Olive 

Oil   in    Southern   Europe. 

281.  The  Results  of  a  Purvey  to  Determine 

the  Cost  of  Producing  Beef  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

282.  Prevention  of  Insect  Attack  on  Stored 

Grain. 

283.  Fertilizing  Citrus  Trees  in  California. 

284.  The  Almond   in   California. 

285.  Sweet  Potato  Production  in  California. 

286.  Milk  Houses  for  California  Dairies. 

287.  Potato    Production   in   California. 

288.  Phylloxera  Resistant  Vineyards. 

289.  Oak  Fungus  in  Orchard  Trees. 

290.  The  Tangier  Pea. 

291.  Blackhead   and   Other   Causes  of  Loss 

of  Turkeys  in  California. 

292.  Alkali  Soils. 

293.  The    Basis    of   Grape    Standardization'. 

294.  Propagation   of   Deciduous   Fruits. 

295.  The   Growing   and   Handling  of   Head 

Lettuce  in   California. 

296.  Control     of     the     California     Ground 

Squirrel. 

298.  The    Possibilities    and    Limitations    of 

Cooperative  Marketing. 

299.  Poultry   Breeding  Records. 

300.  Coccidiosis  of  Chickens. 

301.  Buckeye  Poisoning  of  the  Honey  Bee. 

302.  The   Sugar  Beet  in   California. 

303.  A  Promising  Remedy  for  Black  Measles 

of  the  Vine. 

304.  Drainage  on  the  Farm. 

305.  Liming  the  Soil. 

306.  A  General  Purpose  Soil  Auger  and  its 

Use  on  the  Farm. 

307.  American   Foulbrood   and  its    Control. 


The  publications  listed  above  may  be  had  by  addressing 

College  of  Agriculture, 

University  of  California, 

Berkeley,  California. 

10m-10,'26 


